Computing And Technology

• Hacker (computing) has a spectrum of meanings:
  • Hacker (computer security), someone who breaks computer and network security
  • Hacker (free and open source software), a programmer in the free software and open source movement
  • Hacker (hobbyist), an enthusiastic home computer hobbyist

Hacker (computer security)

In a security context, a hacker is someone involved in computer security/insecurity, specializing in the discovery of exploits in systems (for exploitation or prevention), or in obtaining or preventing unauthorized access to systems through skills, tactics and detailed knowledge. In the most common general form of this usage, “hacker” refers to a black-hat hacker (a malicious or criminal hacker). There are also ethical hackers (more commonly referred to as white hats), and those more ethically ambiguous (grey hats). To disambiguate the term hacker, often cracker is used instead, referring either to computer security hacker culture as a whole to demarcate it from the academic hacker culture (such as by Eric S. Raymond^[1]) or specifically to make a distinction within the computer security context between black-hat hackers and the more ethically positive hackers (commonly known as the white-hat hackers). The context of computer security hacking forms a subculture which is often referred to as the network hacker subculture or simply the computer underground. According to its adherents, cultural values center on the idea of creative and extraordinary computer usage. Proponents claim to be motivated by artistic and political ends, but are often unconcerned about the use of criminal means to achieve them.

History

Contrary to the academic hacker subculture, networking hackers have no inherently close connection to the academic world. They have a tendency to work anonymously and in private. It is common among them to use aliases for the purpose of concealing identity, rather than revealing their real names. This practice is uncommon within and even frowned upon by the academic hacker subculture. Members of the network hacking scene are often being stereotypically described as crackers by the academic hacker subculture, yet see themselves as hackers and even try to include academic hackers in what they see as one wider hacker culture, a view harshly rejected by the academic hacker subculture itself. Instead of a hacker – cracker dichotomy, they give more emphasis to a spectrum of different categories, such as white hat (“ethical hacking”), grey hat, black hat and script kiddie. In contrast to the academic hackers, they usually reserve the term cracker to refer to black hat hackers, or more generally hackers with unlawful intentions.The network hacking subculture is supported by regular gatherings, so called Hacker cons. These have drawn more and more people every year including SummerCon (Summer), DEF CON, HoHoCon (Christmas), PumpCon (Halloween), H.O.P.E. (Hackers on Planet Earth) and HEU (Hacking at the End of the Universe). They have helped expand the definition and solidify the importance of the network hacker subculture. In Germany, members of the subculture are organized mainly around the Chaos Computer Club.The subculture has given birth to what its many members consider to be novel forms of art, most notably ascii art. It has also produced its own slang and various forms of unusual alphabet use, for example leetspeak. Both things are usually seen as an especially silly aspect by the academic hacker subculture. In part due to this, the slangs of the two subcultures differ substantially. Political attitude usually includes views for freedom of information, freedom of speech, a right for anonymity and most have a strong opposition against copyright. Writing programs and performing other activities to support these views is referred to as hacktivism by the subculture. Some go as far as seeing illegal elephant cracking ethically justified for this goal; the most common form is website defacement.

Hacker attitudes

The term “Hacker” may mean simply a person with mastery of computers; however the mass media most often uses “Hacker” as synonymous with a (usually criminal) computer intruder. See hacker, and Hacker definition controversy. In computer security, several subgroups with different attitudes and aims use different terms to demarcate themselves from each other, or try to exclude some specific group with which they do not agree.

White hat

A white hat hacker or ethical hacker is someone who breaks security but who does so for altruistic or at least non-malicious reasons. White hats generally have a clearly defined code of ethics, and will often attempt to work with a manufacturer or owner to improve discovered security weaknesses, although many reserve the implicit or explicit threat of public disclosure after a “reasonable” time as a prod to ensure timely response from a corporate entity. The term is also used to describe hackers who work to deliberately design and code more secure systems. To white hats, the darker the hat, the more the ethics of the activity can be considered dubious. Conversely, black hats may claim the lighter the hat, the more the ethics of the activity are lost.

Grey hat

A grey hat hacker is a hacker of ambiguous ethics and/or borderline legality, often frankly admitted.

Blue Hat

A blue hat hacker is someone outside computer security consulting firms that are used to bug test a system prior to its launch, looking for exploits so they can be closed. Microsoft also uses the term BlueHat to represent a series of security briefing events.

Black Hat

A black hat hacker is someone who subverts computer security without authorization or who uses technology (usually a computer or the Internet) for terrorism, vandalism, credit card fraud, identity theft, intellectual property theft, or many other types of crime. This can mean taking control of a remote computer through a network, or software cracking.

Script kiddie

A script kiddie is a person, usually not an expert in computer security, who breaks into computer systems by using pre-packaged automated tools written by others.

Hacktivist

A hacktivist is a hacker who utilizes technology to announce a political message. Web vandalism is not necessarily hacktivism

Hacker

(free and open source software)

In one of several meanings of the word in computing, a hacker is a member of the programmer subculture originated in the 1960s in the United States academia, in particular around the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)’s Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) and MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Nowadays, this subculture is mainly known for the free software movement.Hackers follow a spirit of creative playfulness and anti-authoritarianism, and sometimes use this term to refer to people applying the same attitude to other fields, for example music. 

Hacker (hobbyist)

In home computing, a hacker is a computer hobbyist putting software or hardware of their system to the extreme. It includes building, rebuilding, modifying and creating software (software cracking, demo scene) and electronic hardware (hardware hacking, mudding) either to make it better, faster, give added features or to make it do something it was never intended to do. Hobby hacking originated around the MITS Altair.

Hardware modifier

Another type of hacker is one who creates novel hardware modifications. At the most basic end of this spectrum are those who make frequent changes to the hardware in their computers using standard components, or make semi-cosmetic themed modifications to the appearance of the machine. This type of Hacker modifies his/her computer for performance needs and/or attractiveness. These changes often include adding memory, storage or LEDs and cold cathode tubes for light effects. These people often show off their talents in contests, and many enjoy LAN parties. At the more advanced end of the hardware hackers are those who modify hardware (not limited to computers) to expand capabilities; this group blurs into the culture of hobbyist inventors and professional electronics engineering. An example of such modification includes the addition of TCP/IP Internet capabilities to a number of vending machines and coffee makers during the late 1980’s and early 1990’s.Hackers who have the ability to write circuit-level code, device drivers, firmware, low-level networking, (and even more impressively, using these techniques to make devices do things outside of their spec sheets), are typically in very high regard among hacker communities. This is primarily due to the difficulty and enormous complexity of this type of work, and the electrical engineering knowledge required to do so.

Hardware hacking

Hardware hacking can consist of either making new hardware, or simply modifying old hardware (known as ‘modding’). Real hardware hackers perform novel and perhaps dangerous modifications to hardware, to make it suit their needs    

SPRING 

AUTUMN

SNOW

WHAT IS A BLOG ????? 

Blogs have taken the Internet by storm, and they’re the easiest way to publish your brilliant thoughts. Basically, a Blog (short for “Weblog”) is an interactive, personalized Web journal for posting your views, art, rants, raves, reviews, pictures, music-anything that you want to share with the teaming masses (or a private group). You can make blog entries (“posts” or “updates”) to your Weblog any time you want-like a what’s new page or a journal-from news updates, to humor, insights, enrages, outrages, loves, hates, true and fictional stories. Whatever you want. It’s up to you. Okay, not everyone posts entries to their Blogs in their underwear, but they probably should (hey, you’re already baring your soul!)

Share the love. Most people like to personalize their Blogs to make them an extension of who they are. And with Blogdrive, you can make your Blog as colorful or as plain as you want. With our easy-to-use templates, you can show people that you’re a sweet, gentle soul, or a tortured, misunderstood soul-or anything in between-it’s up to you. What is a Blog? Journal-like Entries organized by chronology – the latest posts are usually at the top, and older posts can be easily viewed by visitors. Come across an amazing new band that no one’s ever heard of? Let people know. Enraged by the fact that the leader of the free world pronounces a fairly important word like “nuclear” nucular”? Come on, share your outrage. Found a great new site for volunteering to help the homeless? Go ahead, share the love. In a band? Well, unless you constantly drive traffic to your band’s Web site, you may not get a lot of visitors showing up to get the latest update. That’s where a Blog comes in. In a book club? Let the group know through the club Blog that next week everyone will be expected to be finished with War and Peace.

It’s a group thang. Today, you need a community to share the news with-all through a site that’s quick and easy for your visitors to understand. The latest posting about your upcoming CD release is right at the top-customized the way you want it, with graphics, and links, and info. It’s all about building community, and a Blog is critical to building a community base-whether you’re in a band or trying to get feedback on your latest short story.

And another cool thing? Blogdrive offers an “Instant Messaging” chat box right on your Blog page, so you can chat with your friends and family in real time-without having to explain to grandma how to install the special AIM software thingy.Blogs can be all business too.

 Need to keep your office up to date on your progress in field, but hate calling in? Send them a link to your Blog and tell them to check it every morning. Whatever your communication needs, you can keep you’re the people who need to know up to date.
 

WAIT A SEC, WHAT ABOUT HTML AND OTHER NASTY TECHNICAL STUFF?
Blogdrive automates (and accelerates) the Blog publishing process without requiring you to write any code or worry about installing, well, anything. As long as you have a Web browser and an Internet connection, you’re good to go. And yet, you’ll have total control over the look, feel, and location of your Blog. “Genius!” you say, “But how?” We at Blogdrive have been busy trying to make the technical details of Web publishing magically disappear. You don’t have to learn HTML or any code for that matter, because our editable templates make updating your page as simple as filling in a user-friendly form on the Blogdrive web site. The result? Your posts show up immediately on your Blog site, just the way

ALRIGHT ALREADY, ENOUGH SELLING. WHAT DO I NEED TO GET STARTED?
You need about two minutes to register, then think the thoughts you want to publish and they magically appear on the Web page. Oh, no, wait a minute. That’s not right at all. Okay, actually, you use one of our user-friendly “templates” ( you’ll see thumbnail pictures inside your admin area for some examples) for your posts, pictures, and links. Blogdrive’s easy-to-use entry editor lets you simply enter the information and when you’re ready, you hit a “Publish” button. And formatting is easy too. You can organize your posts in tables, lists, bullets, right, left, or centered, use italics, and bold, and use any color you want for your text. And they’re really easy to edit, too. What, you accidentally included an embarrassing reference that you definitely don’t want people to see? No problem. You can edit it quickly and easily.

WAIT, I’M NO MERE MORTAL, I’M A WEB GURU! WHAT ABOUT ME?
Hey, if you’re a code warrior, cheers! Blogdrive is perfect for you! If you already have a Web site that you want Blogdrive to publish to, you simply need FTP access to it (contact your Internet Service Provider for details). But if you don’t already have a Web site, don’t worry, Blogdrive will host your blog page for you. Your template can even contain JavaScript. (If you’re not familiar with this stuff, don’t worry-it’s not necessary.) Want to edit the template itself? No problem. Blogdrive offers Full Page editing. Create your own design from top to bottom and save. Change it as often as you wish. Share your custom templates with friends. The possibilities are limitless!

SHOUT IT OUT LOUD OR WHISPER IT SOFTLY-IT’S UP TO YOU.
You have things on your mind, so share them. It’s easier than ever to put your views, your art, or anything else on the Web. And with Blogdrive’s templates, you can make your piece of the Web reflect who you are. It’s easy. Blogdrive gives you the power to broadcast your brilliance to everyone, whether you’re into sharing your thoughts, you art, your music, or just pictures of your cat.

KEY FEATURES INCLUDE:

Multiple weblogs/journals
One Blogdrive account can support many blogs. Allowing you to create multiple blogs with different subject matters and then place them in different categories (optional). You can also have different authors and permissions for each blog. All under one roof, fully editable.

Multiple Authors
You can set up a group of authors for each blog. Invite users to share in your blog. With fully customizable access levels for each author. For instance, you can set permissions that only allow them to add posts and publish, or to alter design and edit or delete entries. It’s up to you.  

WYSIWYG Editing
 The coolest, easiest way to create and edit Blog entries around. Corporate BS? Over-the-top hype? We think not. Because whether you’re a Web guru or HTML challenged, the WYSIWYG* (“What You See Is What You Get”) editing interface makes it easy to create edgy, engaging entries with graphics, colored and formatted text, tables-in short, anything you want to do with your Blog without knowing any HTML at all! If you’ve ever worked with a word processing application, you’ll already be familiar with some of the features offered (there are some additional uber-cool features that you’ll love too). But If you’re already familiar with HTML (and don’t need no stinkin’ WYSIWYG interface), you can edit and code to your hearts content. Or you can use both-it’s your call! There is a lofi editor available that will perform most HTML tasks with just a couple clicks.

Built-in Tag Board
What is a Tag board? Each free Blogdrive account comes with an optional Tag Board for chatting, or when visitors to your page just want to say hi and perhaps leave a link. It works in all modern browsers: Internet Explorer 5+, Netscape 6+, Opera 4+, Mozilla, AOL. Any Email address or URL that is entered in the URL field will automatically be converted to links. When someone tags your board, it will automatically refresh in your browser and all of your visitor’s browsers, so all can see. You can customize most of the look of your tag board with your own CSS. From your blog admin section, you can remove any post at any time.

Built-in commenting system
Blogdrive provides a built-in commenting system; no need for external services. What is it? This allows your visitors to post comments on your entries. This is an optional feature and any comment entry can be removed at any time. You can also exclude commenting on any blog entry. The comment pop-up contains a summary of your entry for easy reference by your visitors.

Permalinks
New hair product? Nope. Having Permalinks allow your visitors to bookmark a specific entry. Here’s how it works: When making an entry, you’ll have a Permalink checkbox option. When checked, a new link will be placed at the bottom of your entry. When your visitor clicks the link they will be brought to a virtual page that contains only that specific entry with comments. This way they can bookmark that specific entry for easy recall. You can also create a link from that entry and add it to a favorite entries area on your side section for example. 

Email Entries
You email freak you. Got to do everything by email heh? Well, ok. This feature allows you to create entries in your favorite email program and send them directly to your Blog, whoopdee splat! This means of course that no matter where you are, as long as you have email access, you can update your Blog! Ain’t life grand? Got email access from your cell phone? Well Mister Moblogger, if you’re at say…Disney Land and get the sudden urge to Blog, with this feature it’s a snap!     Full Page Editing
You can edit your page in many different ways. In separate sections i.e., profile, header, side, etc. Or edit and redesign the entire page to create a template skin that you can save and/or share with your friends. Combine template tags with standard HTML (or whatever) to build a custom site. The design possibilities are limitless.  

Quick Edit Tool
Instantly revise any entry directly from your blog page. When active, an “Edit” link appears next to you entry title. Only you can see the “Edit” link (while you’re logged in) when visiting your Blog. This makes it easy to correct a mistake after you’ve created an entry and are viewing your Blog.   

Archive Calendar
Blogdrive uses an archive calendar, making it easy for your viewers to navigate though the months and days of your blogging activity.   Email notification system
This feature is optional and customizable. It allows your visitors to add their email to a notification list from your page. Then, automatic notification messages will be sent to them via email when you post a new entry to your blog. You can add or remove an email in your notification list at any time.

Publicity Pings
What is a ping? This feature is optional. Every time you make an entry It sends XML-RPC pings to weblogs.com and blo.gs’ Recently Updated List.

Contact Form
Blogdrive offers an easy to use contact form on every Blog. Your visitors just click a contact link on your page and up pops a form allowing them to contact you directly, via email. The best part is you don’t have to keep an email link on your page, where it might be exposed to dubious types out harvesting emails for spam and such. Your visitor never learns of your email address unless you give it to them.  

 Mini-Meditor
So you’re out surfin’ the web (or crawling, depending on your connection speed) and you want to make an entry to your Blog, but you don’t want to go visit your page or Blogdrive to do it. No problem, we’ve got just the thing. The Blogdrive Mini-Meditor! It allows you make an entry to your Blog without having to go anywhere. Blog Categories
Allow your blog to be listed in up to 3 categories from a selection of many. This feature will aid you in gaining popularity for your blog. You can create a blog for one set of categories and another for a different set. This feature of course is optional. The categories themselves are listed off the home page of blogdrive for viewing by visitors. 

Multiple Locations
After creating your blog account, your page is automatically hosted on our servers and located on the web using the destination you selected during signup, i.e., http://yourname.blogdrive.com. You can continue to let blogdrive host your blog site or you can send your entire blog page via FTP to the website of your choice. (contact your Internet Service Provider for details). Every time you make an entry to your page or update your layout, the site you’ve selected via FTP will also be updated. You can also select to have both locations host your blog page.  

Header graphics
If you’re graphically challenged and would like a nice header graphic at the top of your page to enhance the layout you’ve selected, we have many to chose from. Just visit the layout/design section of your blog account and select from a list. You can also edit the header section with HTML as well.

Budak2 Yg Lahir Pd Thn

80′an Mesti Ingat

Mase Skola Rendah Dulu:… Kat Skola Ade Salesman Jual Buku
Cerita. Ari Ni Bg List, Esok Mintak
Duit Beli Walaupun Cerita Buku Tu Dah Tau.
Salesman Susu Pon Camtu Gak.
Kat Library, Budak2 Mmg Baca Buku Tp
Just Tengok Gamba Je. Bile Ade Program
Nilam, Sebok Semua Nak Pinjam Buku.Rmt Kat Skola Mkn X Best, Tp Yg
Berduit Pon Join Rmt, X Phm….
Pakai Pensel Box Yg Bole Bukak Dpn
Blkg, Pastu Ade Sharpener Kat Tgh2 Die.
Main Lwn Pemadam, Syg Nak Guna Utk
Padam. Padahal Itu Fungsi Sbnr, Utk
Padam!

Pakai Pembaris Yg Bergerigi, Kat Dlm
Ade Air Pastu Ade Bende Berkilat Dlm
Air Tu.Cikgu Pakai Pembaris Kuning Pjg. Ade
Pemegang Kat Tgh2 Tp X Penah Nmpk Cikgu
Pgg Pon Kat Situ.Bulu Ayam Jd Ramping Krn Sering
Dijadikan Rotan.

Time Pendidikan Seni, Lukis Sume
Boleh
Tp Bile Time Kaler Sume Hampeh. Ade Gak
Buat Anyaman Pakai Kertas Warna, Kolaj
La, Ape La…

Main Game 2d. Super Contra, Super
Mario, Street Fighter, Sume Pakai Tape.

Jam Tgn Boy London Jd Idaman, Sbb
Bole Tuka2 Kaler Ikut Suhu N Cuaca.
Takut Bcg Tp Lepas Inject Poyo La
Pulak…

COMMON USES OF THE INTERNET

E-mail

The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. Even today it can be important to distinguish between Internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the sender’s and the recipient’s control. During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization’s network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the e-mail of other employees not addressed to them.

The World Wide Web

Graphic representation of a minute fraction of the WWW, demonstrating hyperlinksMany people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web (or just the Web) interchangeably, but, as discussed above, the two terms are not synonymous.The World Wide Web is a huge set of interlinked documents, images and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. These hyperlinks and URLs allow the web servers and other machines that store originals, and cached copies, of these resources to deliver them as required using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). HTTP is only one of the communication protocols used on the Internet.Web services also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data.Software products that can access the resources of the Web are correctly termed user agents. In normal use, web browsers, such as Internet Explorer and Firefox, access web pages and allow users to navigate from one to another via hyperlinks. Web documents may contain almost any combination of computer data including photographs, graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content including games, office applications and scientific demonstrations.Through keyword-driven Internet research using search engines like Yahoo! and Google, millions of people worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled a sudden and extreme decentralization of information and data.It is also easier, using the Web, than ever before for individuals and organisations to publish ideas and information to an extremely large audience. Anyone can find ways to publish a web page or build a website for very little initial cost. Publishing and maintaining large, professional websites full of attractive, diverse and up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition, however.Many individuals and some companies and groups use “web logs” or blogs, which are largely used as easily updatable online diaries. Some commercial organizations encourage staff to fill them with advice on their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information, and be attracted to the corporation as a result. One example of this practice is Microsoft, whose product developers publish their personal blogs in order to pique the public’s interest in their work.Collections of personal web pages published by large service providers remain popular, and have become increasingly sophisticated. Whereas operations such as Angelfire and GeoCities have existed since the early days of the Web, newer offerings from, for example, Facebook and MySpace currently have large followings. These operations often brand themselves as social network services rather than simply as web page hosts.Advertising on popular web pages can be lucrative, and e-commerce or the sale of products and services directly via the Web continues to grow.In the early days, web pages were usually created as sets of complete and isolated HTML text files stored on a web server. More recently, websites are more often created using content management system (CMS) or wiki software with, initially, very little content. Contributors to these systems, who may be paid staff, members of a club or other organisation or members of the public, fill underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose, while casual visitors view and read this content in its final HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors.

Remote access

Further information: Remote access The Internet allows computer users to connect to other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be across the world. They may do this with or without the use of security, authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements.This is encouraging new ways of working from home, collaboration and information sharing in many industries. An accountant sitting at home can audit the books of a company based in another country, on a server situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a fourth. These accounts could have been created by home-working bookkeepers, in other remote locations, based on information e-mailed to them from offices all over the world. Some of these things were possible before the widespread use of the Internet, but the cost of private leased lines would have made many of them infeasible in practice.An office worker away from his desk, perhaps on the other side of the world on a business trip or a holiday, can open a remote desktop session into his normal office PC using a secure Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection via the Internet. This gives the worker complete access to all of his or her normal files and data, including e-mail and other applications, while away from the office.This concept is also referred to by some network security people as the Virtual Private Nightmare, because it extends the secure perimeter of a corporate network into its employees’ homes; this has been the source of some notable security breaches, but also provides security for the workers.

Collaboration

The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills has made collaborative work dramatically easier. Not only can a group cheaply communicate and test, but the wide reach of the Internet allows such groups to easily form in the first place, even among niche interests. An example of this is the free software movement in software development, which produced GNU and Linux from scratch and has taken over development of Mozilla and OpenOffice.org (formerly known as Netscape Communicator and StarOffice). Films such as Zeitgeist, Loose Change and Endgame have had extensive coverage on the Internet, while being virtually ignored in the mainstream media.Internet “chat”, whether in the form of IRC “chat rooms” or channels, or via instant messaging systems, allow colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way when working at their computers during the day. Messages can be sent and viewed even more quickly and conveniently than via e-mail. Extension to these systems may allow files to be exchanged, “whiteboard” drawings to be shared as well as voice and video contact between team members.Version control systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents without either accidentally overwriting each other’s work or having members wait until they get “sent” documents to be able to add their thoughts and changes.

File sharing

A computer file can be e-mailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be uploaded to a website or FTP server for easy download by others. It can be put into a “shared location” or onto a file server for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk downloads to many users can be eased by the use of “mirror” servers or peer-to-peer networks.In any of these cases, access to the file may be controlled by user authentication; the transit of the file over the Internet may be obscured by encryption, and money may change hands before or after access to the file is given. The price can be paid by the remote charging of funds from, for example, a credit card whose details are also passed—hopefully fully encrypted—across the Internet. The origin and authenticity of the file received may be checked by digital signatures or by MD5 or other message digests.These simple features of the Internet, over a worldwide basis, are changing the basis for the production, sale, and distribution of anything that can be reduced to a computer file for transmission. This includes all manner of print publications, software products, news, music, film, video, photography, graphics and the other arts. This in turn has caused seismic shifts in each of the existing industries that previously controlled the production and distribution of these products.Internet collaboration technology enables business and project teams to share documents, calendars and other information. Such collaboration occurs in a wide variety of areas including scientific research, software development, conference planning, political activism and creative writing.

Streaming media

Many existing radio and television broadcasters provide Internet “feeds” of their live audio and video streams (for example, the BBC). They may also allow time-shift viewing or listening such as Preview, Classic Clips and Listen Again features. These providers have been joined by a range of pure Internet “broadcasters” who never had on-air licenses. This means that an Internet-connected device, such as a computer or something more specific, can be used to access on-line media in much the same way as was previously possible only with a television or radio receiver. The range of material is much wider, from pornography to highly specialized, technical webcasts. Podcasting is a variation on this theme, where—usually audio—material is first downloaded in full and then may be played back on a computer or shifted to a digital audio player to be listened to on the move. These techniques using simple equipment allow anybody, with little censorship or licensing control, to broadcast audio-visual material on a worldwide basis.Webcams can be seen as an even lower-budget extension of this phenomenon. While some webcams can give full-frame-rate video, the picture is usually either small or updates slowly. Internet users can watch animals around an African waterhole, ships in the Panama Canal, the traffic at a local roundabout or their own premises, live and in real time. Video chat rooms, video conferencing, and remote controllable webcams are also popular. Many uses can be found for personal webcams in and around the home, with and without two-way sound.YouTube, sometimes described as an Internet phenomenon because of the vast amount of users and how rapidly the site’s popularity has grown, was founded on February 15, 2005. It is now the leading website for free streaming video. It uses a flash-based web player which streams video files in the format FLV. Users are able to watch videos without signing up; however, if users do sign up they are able to upload an unlimited amount of videos and they are given their own personal profile. It is currently estimated that there are 64,000,000 videos on YouTube, and it is also currently estimated that 825,000 new videos are uploaded every day.

Voice telephony (VoIP)

 VoIP stands for Voice over IP, where IP refers to the Internet Protocol that underlies all Internet communication. This phenomenon began as an optional two-way voice extension to some of the instant messaging systems that took off around the year 2000. In recent years many VoIP systems have become as easy to use and as convenient as a normal telephone. The benefit is that, as the Internet carries the actual voice traffic, VoIP can be free or cost much less than a normal telephone call, especially over long distances and especially for those with always-on Internet connections such as cable or ADSL.Thus, VoIP is maturing into a viable alternative to traditional telephones. Interoperability between different providers has improved and the ability to call or receive a call from a traditional telephone is available. Simple, inexpensive VoIP modems are now available that eliminate the need for a PC.Voice quality can still vary from call to call but is often equal to and can even exceed that of traditional calls.Remaining problems for VoIP include emergency telephone number dialling and reliability. Currently, a few VoIP providers provide an emergency service, but it is not universally available. Traditional phones are line-powered and operate during a power failure; VoIP does not do so without a backup power source for the electronics.Most VoIP providers offer unlimited national calling, but the direction in VoIP is clearly toward global coverage with unlimited minutes for a low monthly fee.VoIP has also become increasingly popular within the gaming world, as a form of communication between players. Popular gaming VoIP clients include Ventrilo and Teamspeak, and there are others available also. The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 also offer VoIP chat features.

History  

The  USSR’s launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency, known as ARPA, in February 1958 to regain a technological lead.^[1][2] ARPA created the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time. J. C. R. Licklider was selected to head the IPTO, and saw universal networking as a potential unifying human revolution.Licklider moved from the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at Harvard University to MIT in 1950, after becoming interested in information technology. At MIT, he served on a committee that established Lincoln Laboratory and worked on the SAGE project. In 1957 he became a Vice President at BBN, where he bought the first production PDP-1 computer and conducted the first public demonstration of time-sharing.At the IPTO, Licklider recruited Lawrence Roberts to head a project to implement a network, and Roberts based the technology on the work of Paul Baran,^{[citation needed]} who had written an exhaustive study for the U.S. Air Force that recommended packet switching (as opposed to circuit switching) to make a network highly robust and survivable. After much work, the first two nodes of what would become the ARPANET were interconnected between UCLA and SRI International in Menlo Park, California, on October 29, 1969. The ARPANET was one of the “eve” networks of today’s Internet. Following on from the demonstration that packet switching worked on the ARPANET, the British Post Office, Telenet, DATAPAC and TRANSPAC collaborated to create the first international packet-switched network service. In the UK, this was referred to as the International Packet Stream Service (IPSS), in 1978. The collection of X.25-based networks grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981. The X.25 packet switching standard was developed in the CCITT (now called ITU-T) around 1976. X.25 was independent of the TCP/IP protocols that arose from the experimental work of DARPA on the ARPANET, Packet Radio Net and Packet Satellite Net during the same time period. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed the first description of the TCP protocols during 1973 and published a paper on the subject in May 1974. Use of the term “Internet” to describe a single global TCP/IP network originated in December 1974 with the publication of RFC 674, the first full specification of TCP that was written by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine, then at Stanford University. During the next nine years, work proceeded to refine the protocols and to implement them on a wide range of operating systems.The first TCP/IP-wide area network was made operational by January 1, 1983 when all hosts on the ARPANET were switched over from the older NCP protocols to TCP/IP. In 1985, the United States’ National Science Foundation (NSF) commissioned the construction of a university 56 kilobit/second network backbone using computers called “fuzzballs” by their inventor, David L. Mills. The following year, NSF sponsored the development of a higher-speed 1.5 megabit/second backbone that became the NSFNet. A key decision to use the DARPA TCP/IP protocols was made by Dennis Jennings, then in charge of the Supercomputer program at NSF.

Internet protocols

In this context, there are three layers of protocols:

• At the lower level (OSI layer 3) is IP (Internet Protocol), which defines the datagrams or packets that carry blocks of data from one node to another. The vast majority of today’s Internet uses version four of the IP protocol (i.e. IPv4), and, although IPv6 is standardized, it exists only as “islands” of connectivity, and there are many ISPs without any IPv6 connectivity.^[5] ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) also exists at this level. ICMP is connectionless; it is used for control, signaling, and error reporting purposes.

• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) exist at the next layer up (OSI layer 4); these are the protocols by which data is transmitted. TCP makes a virtual “connection”, which gives some level of guarantee of reliability. UDP is a best-effort, connectionless transport, in which data packets that are lost in transit will not be re-sent.

• The application protocols sit on top of TCP and UDP and occupy layers 5, 6, and 7 of the OSI model. These define the specific messages and data formats sent and understood by the applications running at each end of the communication. Examples of these protocols are HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.

Internet structure 

There have been many analyses of the Internet and its structure. For example, it has been determined that the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks.Similar to the way the commercial Internet providers connect via Internet exchange points, research networks tend to interconnect into large subnetworks such as:

• GEANT
• GLORIAD
• The Internet2 Network (formally known as the Abilene Network)
• JANET (the UK’s national research and education network)

These in turn are built around relatively smaller networks. See also the list of academic computer network organizations.In network diagrams, the Internet is often represented by a cloud symbol, into and out of which network communications can pass.  

Catch a rabbit

The LAPD, The FBI, and the CIA are all trying to prove that they are the best at apprehending criminals. The President decides to give them a test. He releases a rabbit into a forest and each of them has to catch it. 

The CIA goes in. They place animal informants throughout the forest. They question all plant and mineral witnesses. After three months of extensive investigations they conclude that rabbits do not exist.

The FBI goes in.
After two weeks with no leads they burn the forest, killing everything in it, including the rabbit, and they make no apologies. The rabbit had it coming.

The LAPD goes in.
They come out two hours later with a badly beaten bear. The bear is yelling: “Okay! Okay! I’m a rabbit! I’m a rabbit!”

BIHUN VS MEE

hehehee..   kelako…
 
BIHUN   VS   MEE 

Bihun sangat   cemburukan mee. Walau duduk di rak bersebelahan di
supermarket,   mereka tak pernah bertegur sapa. Malah bihun sering
mempersendakan   mee di depan umum, “Dasar si kuning gemuk… ingat orang
suka sangat   kat dialah tu!” hari-hari berlalu… namun mee buat derk aje
dengan   segala kerenah dan hinaan bihun.

Sehingga satu hari pekerja   supermarket mengalih rak mee ke tempat lain.
bihun gembira kerana   tidak lagi melihat musuh tradisinya.

Hari berikutnya rak   baru diletakkan di sebelah bihun, rak spaghetti.
Bihun rasa marah dah   berteriak; “Hoi, si kuning gemuk! jangan fikir ko
buat teknik   rebonding camtu aku tak kenal ko!!!”

 COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Computer software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on a computer system. The term includes application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to provide the necessary services for application software, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.  

COMPUTER PROGRAMS

 The terms computer programs, software program, or just program are the instructions for a computer.^[1] A computer requires programs to function, and a computer program does nothing unless its instructions are executed by a central processor.^[2] Computer programs refer to either an executable program or the source code from which an executable program is derived (e.g., compiled). Computer source code is often written by professionals known as computer programmers. Source code is written in a programming language that follows one of two main paradigms: imperative or declarative. Source code may be converted into an executable image by a compiler. Once an executable image is requested to be run, the central processor executes the program, instruction by instruction, until termination. Alternatively, computer programs may be executed immediately with the aid of an interpreter, generated by other computer programs, or may be embedded directly into hardware. Computer programs may be categorized along functional lines: system software and application software. And many computer programs may run simultaneously on a single computer, a process known as multitasking. 

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Application software is a subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly and thoroughly to a task that the user wishes to perform. This should be contrasted with system software which is involved in integrating a computer’s various capabilities, but typically does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. In this context the term application refers to both the application software and its implementation.A simple, if imperfect analogy in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an electric light bulb (an application) to an electric power generation plant (a system). The power plant merely generates electricity, not itself of any real use until harnessed to an application like the electric light that performs a service that benefits the user.Typical examples of software applications are word processors, spreadsheets, and media players.Multiple applications bundled together as a package are sometimes referred to as an application suite. Microsoft Office and OpenOffice.org, which bundle together a word processor, a spreadsheet, and several other discrete applications, are typical examples. The separate applications in a suite usually have a user interface that has some commonality making it easier for the user to learn and use each application. And often they may have some capability to interact with each other in ways beneficial to the user. For example, a spreadsheet might be able to be embedded in a word processor document even though it had been created in the separate spreadsheet application.User-written software tailors systems to meet the user’s specific needs. User-written software include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics and animation scripts. Even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is. 

OPERATING SYSTEM

An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. An operating system processes system data and user input, and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system. An operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating computer networking and managing files. Operating systems can be found on almost anything made with integrated circuts, such as personal computers, internet servers, cellphones, music players, routers, switches, wireless access points, network storage, game consoles, digital cameras, sewing machines and telescopes.In most cases, the operating system is not the first code to run on the computer at startup (boot) time. The initial code executing on the computer is usually loaded from firmware, which is stored in Flash ROM. This is sometimes called the BIOS or boot ROM. The firmware loads and executes the operating system kernel (usually from disk, sometimes over the network), and is usually responsible for the first graphics or text output the user sees onscreen.Common contemporary desktop OSes are Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows and Solaris. Windows is most popular on desktops while Linux is most popular in server environments. However, many Linux distributions are gaining in popularity on desktop personal computers, and Sun is attempting to duplicate this achievement with their OpenSolaris OS, which promises to offer the same power, openness, and ease of use that desktop Linux offers. Linux, Mac OS X and MS Windows all have server and personal variants. With the exception of Microsoft Windows, the designs of each of the aforementioned OSs were inspired by, or directly inherited from, the Unix operating system. Unix was developed at Bell Labs beginning in the late 1960s and spawned the development of numerous free and proprietary operating systems. 

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

System software is any computer software which manages and controls computer hardware so that application software can perform a task. Operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X or Linux, are prominent examples of system software. System software contrasts with application software, which are programs that enable the end-user to perform specific, productive tasks, such as word processing or image manipulation.System software performs tasks like transferring data from memory to disk, or rendering text onto a display device. Specific kinds of system software include loading programs, Operating systems, device drivers, programming tools, compilers, assemblers, linkers, and utility software.Software libraries that perform generic functions also tend to be regarded as system software, although the dividing line is fuzzy; while a C runtime library is generally agreed to be part of the system, an OpenGL or database library is less obviously so.

If system software is stored on non-volatile memory such as integrated circuits, it is usually termed firmware